Dead space air is the volume of air that:

 # Dead space air is the volume of air that:

A. Remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

B. Is exchanged during a normal breath.

C. Occupies the conducting airways and does not participate in gas exchange.

D. Can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inspiration.

The correct answer is C. Occupies the conducting airways and does not participate in gas exchange.

Explanation: Dead space air refers to the volume of air that fills the conducting airways (such as the trachea and bronchi) during breathing but does not participate in gas exchange because it does not reach the alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.

The pneumotaxic center is located in the:

 # The pneumotaxic center is located in the:

 A. Cerebellum

 B. Hypothalamus

 C. Medulla oblongata

 D. Pons

The correct answer is D. Pons

Explanation: The pneumotaxic center, which helps regulate the rate and pattern of breathing by modulating the activity of the respiratory centers, is located in the pons, specifically in the upper part of the pons in the brainstem.

Lung volumes or capacity which cannot be measured by simple spirometry

 # Which of the following lung volumes or capacities cannot be measured by simple spirometry?

 A. Vital Capacity (VC)

B. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

C. Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

D. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

B. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Explanation: Simple spirometry measures lung volumes and capacities that involve active breathing, such as Vital Capacity (VC), Inspiratory Capacity (IC), and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV). However, Functional Residual Capacity (FRC), which is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation, cannot be measured directly by simple spirometry because it includes residual volume (RV), which requires specialized techniques like helium dilution, nitrogen washout, or body plethysmography to assess.